Sustainability, Conservation and Ecology in Spatial Planning and Design
New approaches, solutions, applications
Summary
Excerpt
Table Of Contents
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- About the editor
- About the book
- This eBook can be cited
- Table of Contents
- List of Contributors
- The Role of Europa Nostra Awards in Conserving the Common Cultural Heritage of Cyprus (Damla MISIRLISOY and Kağan GÜNÇE)
- Interpretation of Landscape Sensitivity and River Habitat Assessment Approaches Based on Cultural Landscape Elements: The Edirne Sarayiçi Case (Emine KELEŞ and Osman UZUN)
- Sustainable Preservation of Nevşehir Ovaören Village (Gül YÜCEL)
- The Evaluation of Historical Khans District in Bursa City Centre in Terms of Vitality (Miray GÜR and Emre KURUÇAY)
- Conservability of Traditional Rural-Archaeological Settlements: Insights from Altınkaya (Zerk)/Selge (Ebru HARMAN ASLAN and Cengiz CAN)
- Spatial Change Process of the Urban Sites Boundaries in Trabzon-Ortahisar City (Emrehan ÖZCAN, Sanem ÖZEN TURAN and Gülden BAYRAK)
- Repair or Strengthening Process of Historical Buildings (Hatice KIRAN ÇAKIR and Mustafa Kemal BOZACI)
- As a Conservation Policy “Cultural Routes” and Erzurum Cultural Road Project (Banu GÖKMEN ERDOĞAN)
- Examination of Cultural Risks within the Scope of Salda Lake Basin Ecological Risk Assessment (Anıl EVCİ and Candan KUŞ ŞAHİN)
- Vulnerability to Climate Change (Gülşah KAÇMAZ AKKURT)
- Resilient Vernacular Settlements in the Context of Sustainability: Examples from the World (Cenk CİHANGİR and Pınar KISA OVALI)
- Nature-based Solutions for Biodiversity in Cities (Tuğba ÜSTÜN TOPAL)
- Determination of Urban Heat Vulnerability in the Context of Adaptation to Climate Change: Urban Heat Vulnerability of Antalya/Turkey (Elif AKBABA and Ülkü DUMAN YÜKSEL)
- From the Problem of Environmental Justice to Climate Justice (Pınar BOSTAN and Hande ÖZVAN)
- Effects of Climate Change on Plant Design in Cities (Elif BAYRAMOĞLU and Seyhan SEYHAN)
- Importance of Ecosystem Services in Planning for Urban Resilience in Turkey (Betül TÜLEK and Gamze SEÇKİN GÜNDOĞAN)
- Green Infrastructure in Climate Resilient Urban Planning (Aylin SALICI, Bilge ÇAKIR and Ergin CANPOLAT )
- Multifunctional Landscapes: In the Context of Ecosystem Services (Onur GÜNGÖR)
- A Design Studio Experience: Designing Residential Interiors for Syrians Living in Sultanbeyli, Turkey (Özge CORDAN, Şebnem ERTAŞ BEŞİR and Elif SÖNMEZ)
- Applications Based on Structures in Architecture (Meltem ÖZÇAKI)
- The Role of Urban Design on Public Space Organization (Hatice Selma ÇELİKYAY)
- Evaluation of Ergonomic Design Principles in Primary School Classrooms (Hatice KIRAN ÇAKIR, Sennur AKANSEL and Berk MİNEZ)
- A Study of Healthy Building Design in Terms of Regulations (Ezgi ÜLKER BARIŞ)
- Effects of Light on Perception of Space (Demet ARSLAN DİNÇAY and Yasemin ÇORAKLI)
- Re-Functioning Proposal to Ensure Cultural Continuity in Delice District of Kırıkkale: Karabekir Mansion (Selver KOÇ ALTUNTAŞ and Makbulenur ONUR)
- Searching Biomimicry in the Vernacular Architecture (Sinem SİPAHİOĞLU KARA and Banu GÖKMEN ERDOĞAN)
- The Belated Modernism: Northern Cyprus (Gökben PALA AZSÖZ)
- Explorations of Urban Room: A Design Studio Experience for İstiklal Street’s Old Passages in Istanbul (Özge CORDAN and Sıla Burcu BAŞARIR)
- The Relationship of Mortgaged Loans with Gated Communities (Ahmet Suvar ASLAN)
- Circular Buildings: An Outline of Circularity in Building Production (Havva AKSEL ÇİÇEKÇİ)
- Examination of GBC-Italy Green Building Evaluation System and Evaluation Of Subaşı Hamamı (Elif Gizem YETKİN, Nihan ÜNAL and Şebnem Ertaş BEŞİR)
- The Relation Between Sustainability and Entropy (Gülay DALGIÇ and Barış KARA)
- Analysis of Regional Development Tendencies and Policies Within the Framework of Sustainability: The Case of Çanakkale, Lapseki (Mete Korhan ÖZKÖK, Serkan SINMAZ, Faruk ALTUN)
- Current Approaches of Ecological Sustainability in Urban Planning (Sevgi GÖRMÜŞ, Serhat CENGİZ and Elif OKTAY)
- Evaluation of The Eastern Anatolia Wine Route Within The Linkage of Agriculture and Tourism Potential (Alev P. GÜRBEY)
- Mapping Nature Based Recreation Opportunities to Develop Tourism in Rural Regions (Bülent YILMAZ, Serhat CENGİZ and Sevgi GÖRMÜŞ)
- Ritual Landscape from the Perspective of Landscape Tourism (Feran AŞUR and Elif AKPINAR KÜLEKÇİ)
- Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism in Protected Areas (Nazan KELEŞ and Sezer TOPALOĞLU)
- Recovering Railroad Wood Ties for Reuse: An Eco-friendly Landscape Design Perspective (Candan KUS SAHİN and Busra ONAY)
- The Importance of River Restoration Projects in Urban Landscape (Nilgün GÜNEROĞLU and Müberra PULATKAN)
- Parametric Approach in Interior / Outdoor Design (Makbulenur ONUR and Selver KOC ALTUNTAS)
- Eco-friendly School Grounds (Müberra PULATKAN and Nilgün GÜNEROĞLU)
- Green Street Approach (Nilay MISIRLI and Rukiye Duygu ÇAY)
- Using Space Syntax Analysis in Landscape Architecture (Oğuz ATEŞ)
- Scrutiny of Street Landscapes from the Perspective of Sustainable Planning and Design Approaches (Elif AKPINAR KÜLEKÇİ and Feran AŞUR)
- Evaluation of Ecological Design Approaches in the Landscape Planning Process (Hilal KAHVECİ)
- Design Solutions to Deal With Small and Restricted Open Public Spaces (Talia ÖZCAN AKTAN and Murat ÖZYAVUZ)
- Examination of Campus Landscape Development from Past to Present: The Case of Van Yuzuncu Yıl University (Okan YELER and Aziz ÖREK)
- Creativity in the Design Process (Serap YILMAZ, Tuğba DÜZENLİ and Elif Merve ALPAK)
- Creating a Mobile Application to be Evaluated as a Presentation Technique in Landscape Design (Ahmet BENLİAY and M. Kıvanç AK)
- Usage of Computer Technologies in Landscape Architecture Education (Tuğba DÜZENLİ, Serap YILMAZ and Emine TARAKÇI EREN)
- The Relationship between Fashion, Art and Landscape (Dilek KUL and Alper SAĞLIK)
- Public Space Quality in Çanakkale Kilitbahir Promenade (Elif SAĞLIK, Dilan ŞENKUŞ and Fatoş KARTAL)
- Visual Landscape Studies: A Systematic Literature Review (Duygu DOĞAN and Meryem Bihter BİNGÜL BULUT)
- Human Scale in Urban Context (Talia ÖZCAN AKTAN and Murat ÖZYAVUZ)
- Evaluation of Human Influence in Determining Connectivity: The Concept of Hemeroby (Duygu DOĞAN and Şükran ŞAHİN)
- “Sculptor İlhan KOMAN” in Turkish Modernism in Architecture and Sculpture Art (Berk MİNEZ and Timur KAPROL)
- Bio-Composites: The Innovative and Sustainable Material (H. Turgut ŞAHİN, Merve CAMBAZOĞLU and Uğur ÖZKAN )
- Xeriscape as Climate Garden (Demet Ülkü GÜLPINAR SEKBAN)
- Investigation of Form Feature In Urban Road Trees within the Context of Aesthetic Perception; Case of Kocaeli-Başiskele-Alsancak Avenue (M. Kıvanç AK and Ahmet BENLİAY)
- Harvesting, Drying and Herbarium Techniques in Rize Urban Green Areas (Ömer Lütfü ÇORBACI, Türker OĞUZTÜRK, Merve SİPAHİ)
- The Importance of Lighting Equipment in Urban Open Spaces (Demet Ülkü GÜLPINAR SEKBAN)
- Recent Advances on Wood Protection for Interior and Exterior Use (H. Turgut ŞAHİN, Merve CAMBAZOĞLU and Uğur ÖZKAN )
List of Contributors
Mehmet Kıvanç AK
Düzce University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Landscape Architecture, Düzce, Turkey
Sennur AKANSEL
Trakya University, Faculty of Architecture, Architecture Department, Edirne, Turkey
Elif AKBABA
Gazi University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, City and Regional Planning Graduate Program, Ankara, Turkey.
Elif AKPINAR KÜLEKÇİ
Ataturk University, Faculty of Architecture-Design Department of Landscape Architecture, Erzurum, Turkey
Havva AKSEL ÇİÇEKÇİ
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Department of Architecture, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
Elif Merve ALPAK
Karadeniz Technical University, Landscape Architecture Department, Trabzon, TURKEY
Faruk ALTUN
Urban and Regional Planner, M.Sc.
Demet ARSLAN DİNÇAY
İstanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Interior Architecture, Istanbul, Turkey.
Oğuz ATEŞ
Kırklareli University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Kırklareli, Turkey.
Ahmet Suvar ASLAN
Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Hatay, Turkey
Feran AŞUR
Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Architecture-Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, Van, Turkey
İstanbul Technical University, Graduate School, Interior Architectural Design, Istanbul, Turkey.
Gülden BAYRAK
Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism: Trabzon Regional Council for the Conservation of Cultural Properties, Trabzon, Turkey
Elif BAYRAMOĞLU
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Landscape Architecture Department, Trabzon, Turkey
Ahmet BENLİAY
Akdeniz University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Antalya, Turkey
Meryem Bihter BİNGÜL BULUT
Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Landscape Architecture Kırıkkale, Turkey
Pınar BOSTAN
Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Landscape Architecture Department, Van, Turkey
Mustafa Kemal BOZACI
Trakya University, Faculty of Architecture, Architecture Department, Edirne, Turkey
Bilge ÇAKIR
Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, Antakya-Hatay, Turkey
Merve CAMBAZOGLU
Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Products Engineering, Isparta, Turkey
Cengiz CAN
Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, İstanbul, Turkey.
Rukiye Duygu ÇAY
Trakya University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Edirne, Turkey
Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Geography, Antakya-Hatay, Turkey
H. Selma ÇELİKYAY
Bartın University, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Bartın, Turkey
Serhat CENGİZ
Inonu University, Faculty of Fine Art and DesignDepartment of Landscape Architecture, Malatya/Turkey
Cenk CİHANGİR
Trakya University, Institute of Natural Science, Department of Architecture, Edirne, Turkey.
Yasemin ÇORAKLI
İstanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Interior Architecture, Istanbul, Turkey.
Ömer Lütfü ÇORBACI
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Department of Landscape Architecture, Rize, Turkey
Özge CORDAN
İstanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department, of Interior Architecture, Istanbul, Turkey.
Gülay DALGIÇ
Trakya University, Faculty of Architecture, Architecture Department, Edirne, Turkey
Duygu DOĞAN
Pamukkale University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture Denizli Turkey
Ülkü DUMAN YÜKSEL
Gazi University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, Ankara, Turkey.
Tuğba DÜZENLİ
Karadeniz Technical University, Landscape Architecture Department, Trabzon, TURKEY
Şebnem ERTAŞ BEŞİR
Akdeniz University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Interior Architecture, Antalya, Turkey.
Adıyaman University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Adıyaman, Turkey
Banu GÖKMEN ERDOĞAN
Trakya University, Faculty of Architecture, Architecture Department, Edirne, Turkey
Sevgi GÖRMÜŞ
Inonu University, Faculty of Fine Art and DesignDepartment of Landscape Architecture, Malatya/Turkey
Demet Ülkü GÜLPINAR SEKBAN
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Landscape Architecture Department, Trabzon, Turkey
Kağan GÜNÇE
Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Northern Cyprus (via Mersin 10 Turkey)
Nilgün GÜNEROĞLU
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Landscape Architecture, Trabzon, Turkey
Onur GÜNGÖR
Iskenderun Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Iskenderun/Hatay, Turkey
Miray GÜR
Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Bursa, Turkey
Alev P. GÜRBEY
İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Forestry, Landscape Planning and Design Department, İstanbul, Turkey
Ebru HARMAN ASLAN
Iskenderun Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, İskenderun, Turkey.
Gülşah KAÇMAZ AKKURT
Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Burdur, Turkey.
Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Faculty of Fine Arts and Design, Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Bilecik, Turkey
Timur KAPROL
Kırklareli University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Kırklareli
Barış KARA
Trakya University, Faculty of Architecture, Architecture Department, Edirne, Turkey
Fatoş KARTAL
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, School of Graduate Studies, M.Sc. Program in Landscape Architecture, Çanakkale, Turkey
Emine KELEŞ
Trakya University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Edirne, Turkey
Nazan KELEŞ
Cankiri Karatekin University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Landscape Architecture, Cankiri, Turkey.
Hatice KIRAN ÇAKIR
Trakya University, Faculty of Architecture, Architecture Department, Edirne, Turkey
Pınar KISA OVALI
Trakya University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Edirne, Turkey.
Selver KOÇ ALTUNTAŞ
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Interior Architecture, Trabzon, Turkey
Dilek KUL
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, School of Graduate Studies, Department of Landscape Architecture, Çanakkale, Turkey
Emre KURUÇAY
Sakarya University, Faculty Of Art, Design And Architecture, Department Of Architecture, Sakarya, Turkey
Berk MİNEZ
Trakya University, Faculty of Architecture, Architecture Department, Edirne, Turkey
Trakya University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Edirne, Turkey
Damla MISIRLISOY
Faculty of Architecture, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus (via Mersin 10 Turkey).
Türker OĞUZTÜRK
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Department of Landscape Architecture, Rize, Turkey
Elif OKTAY
MSc. Inonu University, Institute of Natural Science, Department of Landscape Architecture, Malatya, Turkey.
Büşra ONAY
Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
Makbulenur ONUR
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forest, Department of Landscape Architecture, Trabzon, Turkey
Aziz ÖREK
Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Directorate of Construction and Technical Works, Geomatic Engineer, Van, Turkey
Meltem ÖZÇAKI
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
Emrehan ÖZCAN
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Urban and Regional Planning Department, Trabzon, Turkey
Talia ÖZCAN AKTAN
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Landscape Architecture PhD Programme, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
Sanem ÖZEN TURAN
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Urban and Regional Planning Department, Trabzon, Turkey
Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Products Engineering, Isparta, Turkey
Mete Korhan ÖZKÖK
Kırklareli University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Kırklareli, Turkey
Hande ÖZVAN
Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Landscape Architecture Department, Van, Turkey
Murat ÖZYAVUZ
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Department of Landscape Architectıre, Tekirdağ, Turkey
Gökben PALA AZSÖZ
Kırklareli University, Architecture Faculty, Architecture Department, Kırklareli, Turkey
Müberra PULATKAN
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Landscape Architecture, Trabzon, Turkey
Alper SAĞLIK
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, Çanakkale, Turkey
Elif SAĞLIK
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, Çanakkale, Turkey
Candan KUŞ ŞAHİN
Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Architecture, Landscape Architecture Department, Isparta, Turkey
Şükran ŞAHİN
Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture Ankara, Turkey
H. Turgut ŞAHİN
Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Products Engineering, Isparta, Turkey
Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Antakya-Hatay, Turkey
Dilan ŞENKUŞ
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, School of Graduate Studies, M.Sc. Program in Landscape Architecture, Çanakkale, Turkey
Serkan SINMAZ
Kırklareli University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Kırklareli/Turkey
Sinem SİPAHİOĞLU KARA
Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Vocational School of Health Services, Bilecik, Turkey
Elif SÖNMEZ
Altınbaş University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Istanbul, Turkey.
Gamze SEÇKİN GÜNDOĞAN
Çankırı Karatekin University, Çerkeş Vocational School of Higher Education, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning
Seyhan SEYHAN
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Landscape Architecture Department, Trabzon, Turkey
Emine TARAKÇI EREN
Artvin Çoruh University, Faculty of Arts and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, Artvin, Turkey
Sezer TOPALOĞLU
Cankiri Karatekin University, Graduate School of Natural andApplied Sciences, Department of Landscape Architecture, 18200, Cankiri, Turkey.
Betül TÜLEK
Çankırı Karatekin University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Landscape Architecture, Çankırı, Turkey
Merve SİPAHİ
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Department of Landscape Architecture, Rize, Turkey
Architect, Guest Lecturer; Tekirdağ Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Architecture, Tekirdag, Turkey.
Nihan ÜNAL
Interior Architect, Dr. Antalya, Turkey
Tuğba ÜSTÜN TOPAL
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
Osman UZUN
Düzce University, Faculty of Forest, Landscape Architecture Department, Düzce, Turkey
Okan YELER
Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, Van, Turkey
Elif Gizem YETKİN
Alanya HEP University, Faculty of Architecture Department of Architecture, Antalya, Turkey.
Bülent YILMAZ
Inonu University, Faculty of Fine Art and Design Department of Landscape Architecture, Malatya/Turkey
Serap YILMAZ
Karadeniz Technical University, Landscape Architecture Department, Trabzon, TURKEY
Gül YÜCEL
Istanbul Rumeli University, Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture, Istanbul, Turkey.
The Role of Europa Nostra Awards in Conserving the Common Cultural Heritage of Cyprus
Abstract: The Republic of Cyprus, which was established in 1960 by the partnership of Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots, joined the European Union in 2004. In 1974, the island divided into two with the “Buffer Zone.” The division of the island into two different administrations emerged the political issues in the island. The island where two ethnic groups live after the division.
The cultural heritage on the island, which has a rich cultural past, can be considered the common heritage of Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots, and even of Europe. With the entry of the Republic of Cyprus into the European Union, the value of the cultural heritage in the whole of the island has become more noticeable by the European Union.
The universal value of cultural heritage is conducive to the preservation of this heritage and its existence, and the strengthening of intercultural dialogue. There are many international organizations working for the preservation of cultural heritage. Especially in recent years, the efforts of the European Union to support and reward exemplary projects, practices, research studies on the conservation of cultural heritage draw attention. Europa Nostra is an international network of cultural heritage conservation that unites many non-governmental and management organizations across Europe, as well as members. One of the important support given by the European Union for the protection of cultural heritage is the Europa Nostra awards.
Within the scope of the study, the awards received from “Europa Nostra” for the cultural heritage preservation works in the North and South of Cyprus will be examined. Award-winning projects will be handled separately, and their values and problems in terms of conservation will be revealed. Evaluations will be made as to whether these award-winning projects have an “integrative” effect on the divided island, as well as on Turkish and Greek Cypriots. In addition, the cooperation between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots of UNDP projects involving representatives of both communities for the conservation of the common cultural heritage, and the dedication shown in the conservation of cultural heritage on the island is discussed with the “Europa Nostra” awards, while the reflections of the awarded projects on inter-communal relations is questioned. The study is guided by social – cultural, economic and political readings through field study and literature study.
Keywords: cultural heritage, conservation, deadlock situation, common cultural values, Europa Nostra Awards, Cyprus
1. Introduction
Cultural heritage is a phenomenon given to assets formed by previous generations and believed to have universal values. Cultural heritage is considered as the tangible and intangible values that have survived from the past and should be transferred to future generations. As stated in the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (URL 1), Tangible Cultural Heritage is grouped into three classes: Monuments, Building ensembles and Sites.
Especially after the “Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage,” which was put forward in 1972, many international institutions, organizations and societies have been formed that work and support the conservation of cultural and natural heritage. Among these, projects, practices, research, etc., were carried out on the conservation of the cultural heritage of the European Union. One of the important support given by the European Union for the conservation of cultural heritage is the Europa Nostra awards.
Cyprus, which has a rich history, also has a rich cultural heritage. The conservation of the cultural heritage should be the responsibility of each institution and organization working in this field, as well as the responsibility of all ethnic group administrations living on the island. In 1974, the island was divided into two. As a result, Greek Cypriots living in the North of the Island moved to the South; Turkish Cypriots living in the South of the Island had to migrate to the North of the Island. However, the “Cultural Heritage” that exists throughout the island belongs to the locals, Europeans and the entire humanity of the world.
Within the scope of the study, different projects that received awards in Cyprus from Europa Nostra are examined. The mentioned awards play an important role in promoting conservation efforts in Cyprus. In the study, the values and conservation approaches of the awarded projects are revealed. The “integrating” effect of the award-winning projects is carried out in the divided island. In addition, the cooperation between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in UNDP projects in which representatives from both communities are involved for the protection of the common cultural heritage is questioned. The study will be supported by social-cultural, economic and political readings through fieldwork and literature study.
2. Cyprus
This section is discussed under two subheadings. Under the first heading, which is “History of Cyprus”, the general history of Cyprus is mentioned. The second subheading is “Cultural Heritage Phenomenon in Cyprus” that discusses the cultural heritage in Cyprus and the type of formations and initiatives involved in heritage conservation.
2.1. History of Cyprus
Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean after Sicily and Sardinia. The name of the island is Kipros (Κύπρος, in Greek); Kıbrıs in Turkish; Kubrus in Arabic; in western countries, it is called Cyprus, Cypre, Chypre, Gipros and Cypern. The name of the island is mentioned as Alaşya in Hittite sources (Sarınay, 2000). Due to its strategic location, the island has always been at the forefront. For the inhabitants of the island, this situation has always been both a chance and a misfortune.
The settlement of people in Cyprus, which has hosted many civilizations, dates back to 10000 B.C. With the extraction of copper mine in 3000 BC, the island increased its importance in the region and then with the arrival of Mesopotamian peoples to the island via Egypt, Syria and Palestine, it became active in commercial life (Solsten, 1993). From those days until today, the island of Cyprus has been under many sovereignties including Byzantine Period (395 – 1190 AD), Crusaders Period (Richard I) (1190 – 1191), Lusignan Period (1191 – 1489), Venetian Period (1489 – 1571), the Ottoman Empire Period (1571 – 1878) (Karageorgis, 1969). The island, which is important because of its strategic and geographical location, has met a new culture with every sovereignty it has lived, thus added a new layer to its existing cultural heritage with each new period.
As mentioned above, the island has hosted many civilizations until today. Looking at recent history, the island of Cyprus has been under Venetian rule since 1489, before the Ottoman Empire. The strategic location of the island in the middle of the Ottoman lands, and the constant attack of Muslims going on pilgrimage by pirates stationed on the island were also frequently discussed (Rogerson, 1994). In this respect, Cyprus was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1571 with a force of 60 thousand soldiers on the island. With the settlement of the Ottomans on the island, the first significant population change since the ancient age took place (William, 2005; Hadjikyriacou, 2011). The island of Cyprus remained under Ottoman rule from 1571 to 1878 (Sarınay, 2000). In this period, many public buildings, defense structures, mosques, madrasas, han, hamam and residential buildings were built (Bağışkan, 2005) and many of them have managed to survive until today. While some of these were built on existing structures from the pre-Ottoman period, some were demolished and built from scratch with their materials.
After the Ottoman period, the administration established by the United Kingdom in Cyprus was experienced between 1878 and 1960. During the new cultural, social, economic and political structuring experienced in the island, many buildings were constructed, which today they are accepted as important works of colonial architecture.
According to the “The Streets and Building Regulation Law,” which was started to be implemented in the British Administration, many regulations were made (URL 2). It has been observed that old roads have been widened, new roads have been opened and some intersecting road corners have been rounded. However, many historical buildings were destroyed in this process. In this period, many ←23 | 24→examples of public buildings and civil architecture such as post office buildings, court buildings, administrative buildings, places of worship, residences, social housing, train stations, railways, mine structures, hospital buildings, hotels, indoor and outdoor market places were designed and built.
While the island was under the British Colonial period, it gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1960 and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1961. This independent administration, which was established under the name of the Republic of Cyprus, was established under the guarantee of Turkey, the United Kingdom and Greece, in partnership with Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots. In 1974, with the intervention of Turkey, the island divided into two: North and South. As a result of the migration that took place and Turkish Cypriots had to settle in the North of the Island and Greek Cypriots in the South of the Island.
After the migration, the property issue on the island has been observed. With these political events, the Cyprus Problem emerged. After the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus recognized its independence in 1983, the Turkish Republic of Cyprus began to be called the Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus. The Republic of Cyprus was accepted as a member of the EU in 2004. However, the North of Cyprus is not accepted within the EU membership.
While the division and property issue is continued on the island, both communities have a common cultural heritage on the island and the common heritage must be preserved and sustained.
2.2. Cultural Heritage Phenomenon in Cyprus
Cyprus island has hosted many civilizations for centuries and enriched with new cultural layers with each civilization. However, with the conflicts on the island, the common cultural heritage that belongs to different ethnic groups was abandoned, neglected, damaged and even destroyed. Despite the conflict, cultural heritage should be preserved as the common heritage. Due to the segregation of societies, especially since the end of the 20th century, cultural heritage was destroyed on both sides. On the other hand, there are reconciliation efforts by local authorities and non-governmental organizations – with the help and effort of international authorities – for the preservation of certain cultural heritage sites in Cyprus.
There are many examples of cultural heritage that were treated sensitively in the Ottoman period. The most successful of them are two gothic cathedrals. The first one is Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque in Famagusta, originally named St. Nicholas Cathedral and was re-functioned as a mosque during the Ottoman period. The second one is Selimiye Mosque in Nicosia, original name of Hagia Sophia Cathedral which was re-functioned as a mosque during the Ottoman period as well.
Also, the Asar-ı Attica Regulation, which was issued in 1869 and put into practice in 1874, remained in force until 1905, after Cyprus was leased to England. In 1905, the Asar-ı Attica Regulation was repealed and the first Antiquities Law was enacted. The ongoing work at the commission level was terminated in 1935 during the British Colonial Period, and a new law was created and the “Department of ←24 | 25→Antiquities” was established depending on this law. The new structuring is the first institutionally established form of organization in Cyprus. The mentioned structure was adopted and continued in the Republic of Cyprus period, which was declared in 1960.
As a result of the division of the island, the conservation of the common cultural heritage in Cyprus has developed in different directions in the South and North of the island. The South of the island maintains its established structure in the light of internationally supported and organized projects. The cultural heritage is under the responsibility of the Department of Antiquities in the Southern part of the island. Comprehensive studies on the cultural heritage that remained within the borders of Northern Cyprus after 1974 began in 1975. The control, maintenance and responsibility of the cultural heritage in the north of Cyprus is carried out by the Department of Antiquities and Museums. However, the responsibility for the places of worship belongs to the Evkaf – Cyprus Foundations Administration.
The Republic of Cyprus became a member of the European Union in 2004 but Northern Cyprus is excluded from this structure (URL 3). UNDP-PFF (United Nations Development Program- Partnership for Future) in Cyprus implements projects regarding the conservation of cultural heritage with aiming to support the reconciliation process of Cyprus since 2001. UNDP-PFF supports a different level of interventions with the budget from the European Union. The projects include working with both communities on building confidence and cooperation, also supporting the development of the environmental, economic and social infrastructure of the island (URL 4).
Technical Committee on Cultural Heritage (TCCH) has conserved 33 heritage sites on the island since 2012, with the support of the EU and UNDP. The conserved heritage sites include churches, mosques, fortifications, hamams, aqueducts and watermills. Additionally, small-scale conservation works have been applied for 23 heritage sites. Also, conservation projects are prepared for an additional 40 sites (URL 5).
The main responsibility of the TCCH is to support Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in conserving the common cultural heritage of the island as the important symbols for both communities and also for humanity (URL 5).
3. The Importance of Europa Nostra Awards as European Cultural Heritage Studies
The first attempts of the world to display a common attitude on the conservation of cultural and natural heritage began in the 1930s. Within these attempts Carta Del Restauro was accepted as the first document in Italy, then it is continued with the establishment of UNESCO and the Council of Europe, and the adoption of the Venice Charter. With the help of these attempts the first steps of institutionalization were taken.
←25 | 26→Today, many international and non-governmental organizations are working on the conservation of cultural and natural heritage. Some of these organizations are the United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Council of Europe, International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), Europa Nostra, International Center for the Studies of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage (ICCROM), International Union for Conservation of Nature.
The European Union has significance in international studies on the conservation of cultural and natural heritage. Emphasizing the concept of “cultural pluralism” in its legislation, the European Union considers language, literature, various branches of art and architecture as a part of the cultural diversity in Europe. It accepts the cultural heritage in the listed areas as the common heritage of Europe. In 1974, some principles were determined regarding the common action plan of the European Union, which supports many cultural studies, on the conservation of cultural heritage (Madran & Tagmat, 2007; URL 6).
The European Union carries out various programs and projects aiming at the conservation of cultural heritage. In this context, the European Union Cultural Heritage Awards is given by Europa Nostra, which are important in terms of the support given to the conservation of cultural heritage.
Europa Nostra is an international network of cultural heritage conservation, uniting over 400 non-governmental and management organizations with more than 5 million members across Europe, over 1500 individual members. Europa Nostra was established in 1963 within the framework of the Council of Europe and was accepted by the European Commission as an organization of Europe in the field of cultural heritage conservation in 1998 (Perker, 2010; URL 6).
Europa Nostra carries out its work on the conservation of cultural heritage in three main areas: The most well-known among these is the “European Union Cultural Heritage Awards / Europa Nostra Award,” whose purpose is to reward and celebrate the best cultural heritage practices in Europe. Another important area of interest is to draw attention to cultural heritage at risk, and to organize campaigns for cultural heritage that needs protection from various influences. The most regular and scheduled of these campaigns is the “7 Most Endangered Program,” which was launched in 2013 and organized every two years. Europa Nostra’s third major area of activity is “Lobbying for Cultural Heritage.”
European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Awards, carried out by the Council of Europe and Europa Nostra since 2002, within the scope of the European Commission’s cultural program for restoration of buildings, conversion to new uses, rural and urban developments, evaluations of archaeological sites, preservation of art collections, research in this field, individuals and institutions that have given exceptional service has been awarded (Perker, 2010; Alpan, 2016; URL 6).
Successful examples of European cultural heritage are awarded in four categories as Conservation, Research, Dedicated Service and Education, Training and Awareness rising (URL 6):
←26 | 27→Conservation: In the 1st category, outstanding conservation projects' use of cultural heritage and cultural landscapes is rewarded.
Research: In the 2nd category, research projects on the conservation of cultural heritage, which lead to tangible effects for the safeguarding the cultural heritage, are rewarded.
Dedicated service: In the 3rd category inspiring individuals or organisations that works in safeguarding the cultural heritage is rewarded.
Education, Training and Awareness rising: In the 4th category outstanding projects or initiatives works in conservation of cultural heritage are rewarded.
4. Europa Nostra Awards in Cyprus
Europa Nostra Awards have been given under 4 categories as Conservation, Research, Dedicated Service and Education, Training and Awareness rising in Cyprus. The types of awards include prize, award, diploma, medal, grand prix, public choice that depends on the type of project. In Cyprus, since 1983 totally 12 projects from North and South Cyprus have been awarded in different categories. Twelve projects are mentioned in this chapter; however, the conservation awards are discussed in depth.
4.1. The restoration of Famagusta Gate, 1983
Famagusta Gate is one of the gates of the Nicosia City Walls. It is one of the most significant of the gates of City walls that it was originally known as “Porta Giuliana.” The name is Famagusta since the gate opened to the road coming from Famagusta City. Famagusta gate has a main vaulted space with a large domed room in the middle (URL 7). Today, Famagusta Gate is used as Cultural Center for the Municipality of Nicosia (URL 8). The conservation and adaptive reuse project of the gate won Europa Nostra Award in 1983, which was the first project in Cyprus to win the award from Europa Nostra.
Figure 1.Famagusta Gate
Exterior view (Photo: Authors, 2019)
Interior view (URL 7)
4.2. The re-adaptation of the old powerhouse as the Nicosia Municipal Arts Centre, 1994
NIMAC (Nicosia Municipal Arts Centre, associated with the Pierides Foundation) building was originally an Old Powerhouse, located in the historical centre of Nicosia. In 1994, the powerhouse was renovated and converted to be used as an art and culture center. NIMAC is the oldest and largest Contemporary Art Centre of the island. The main aim of NIMAC is to open new channels of communication and cooperation between Cypriot and European Union artists; create partnerships between artists and cultural managers; to introduce new trends, trends and ideas in the fields of art and culture to the public; and to provide ample opportunities for Cypriot artists for fruitful collaboration with artists from other countries. The conservation and re-adaptation project won the Europa Nostra Award in 1994.
The conservation project is significant in terms of being one of the earliest conservation and adaptive reuse project of an industrial heritage building. Since 1994, the center has organized many exhibitions of well-known artists from Cyprus and other countries (URL 9).
Figure 2.Nicosia Municipal Arts Centre (NIMAC)
Exterior view (Photo: Authors, 2019)
Interior view (Photo: Authors, 2019)
4.3. Panagia Tou Sinti Monastery, (Conservation), 1997
Panagia tou Sinti monastery is located in Pentalia, Paphos. It is an Orthodox monastery that is dedicated to the Virgin Mary (Panagia) of Sinti. The monastery complex consists of 3 different buildings, the church and the two monastic buildings. The church was constructed in the first half of the 16th century; it is considered to be one of the most important monuments built during the Venetian period (URL 10).
Figure 3.Panagia tou Sinti Monastery
Monastery complex (Photo: URL 11)
Church (Photo: URL 11)
←29 | 30→The Monastery was in use until 1927, however, between 1927 and 1994 it became abandoned and this situation caused physical obsolence of the cultural heritage. Between 1994 and 1997 the monastery was fully restored with its significant historic value. After the completion of the conservation works, in 1997, the conservation project has won the Europa Nostra Award for the use of successful restoration techniques and preservation of its original character (URL 11).
4.4. Lions home – Nicosia within the walls, (Conservation), 2001
The building that housed the Lions Home today was originally constructed as a traditional house. It is conserved and converted to the Lions Home in 2001. The conservation project won the Europa Nostra Award in 2001. The importance of the project is conservation of a heritage building with the common efforts of professionals and the community.
Figure 4.Lions Home
Exterior view (Photo: Authors, 2019)
Main façade (Photo: Authors, 2019)
4.5. The Omeriye Ottoman Baths in Nicosia, (Conservation), 2005
Ömeriye Ottoman Baths was one of the symbols of the district when it was constructed in the 16th century. It was renovated several times throughout the history (Atun, 2017). The building is a significant heritage not only with its physical aspects but also with the social and cultural values that it witnessed throughout the history. The building was abandoned after the division of the island. In this ←30 | 31→respect, it was conserved between 2002 and 2003 by UNDP-PFF (Bağışkan, 2019). The aim of the conservation project was to conserve the cultural heritage and use it with original function as the traditional hamam.
The conservation works contribute to the protection of the multicultural identity of the city, and also upgrading of the close environment of the building (URL 12). The conservation project won the Europa Nostra Award in 2005 for the use of successful restoration techniques and preservation of its original character (Atun, 2017).
Figure 5.Ömeriye Hamam
Exterior view (Photo: Authors, 2019)
Courtyard (Photo: Authors, 2019)
4.6. The A.G. Leventis Foundation, (Dedicated service), 2006
The Leventis Foundation organizes charity events aiming at culture, history, education, healthcare, ecology that focused on safeguarding the cultural heritage. It ensures the budget for many activities in Cyprus and other countries around the World.
The foundation takes exceptional humanitarian action and also actions for conservation and promotion of European cultural heritage for nearly three decades as a private foundation. The successful action of the foundation was awarded by Europa Nostra in the dedicated service category in 2006 (URL 12).
4.7. The Bedestan (St. Nicholas Church) (Research), 2009
Bedesten is one of the most important cultural heritage located in the walled city of Nicosia. It has a complex history that dates back to the 6th-century Byzantium ←31 | 32→period (Enlart, 1897). Then, it was extended, rebuilt and transformed in later periods (Bağışkan, 2009).
The conservation works of Bedesten started in 2004 and completed in by United Nations Development Programme Partnership for Future (UNDP-PFF). Then, the conservation project has been awarded by Europa Nostra Award in the research category in 2009 (Mısırlısoy et al. 2020).
The research project in the conservation process was successful from the historical and archaeological analysis to the architectural and technical diagnosis. The significance of the research works is the completeness of the research that was used in the conservation works. Also, the project underlines the importance of the reuse project that respects the dignity of this sacred space (URL 12).
Figure 6.Bedesten
Exterior view (Photo: Authors, 2019)
Interior view (Photo: Authors, 2019)
4.8. The architectural heritage of the Buffer Zone in the Walled City of Nicosia (Research), 2011
Buffer zone, which is also known as the Green Line, is a zone dividing the island into two. Since 1974 most of the architectural heritage has been abandoned in the Buffer zone. In this respect, the research work on the architectural heritage of the buffer zone is conducted as a part of the bi-communal Nicosia Master Plan Project (NMP) (URL 12).
The research work is significant in terms of the potential of the project to help the difficulties between the two communities and also being a successful research work. In this respect, it is awarded by Europa Nostra in 2011 in the research category.
4.9. Home for cooperation: Educational Centre in the Buffer Zone of Nicosia (Conservation), 2014
Today the building is located in the Buffer Zone. It was constructed in the 1950s and remained abandoned until the Association of Historical Dialogue and Research implemented the Project between 2006 and 2011 which is an intercommunal, non-profit and non-governmental association.
Figure 7.Home for Coorperation
Exterior view (Photo: URL 12)
Café (Photo: URL 12)
Today, the abandoned Home for Coorperation building converted to a unique civic center. The significance of the project is the successful conservation works and its contribution to the peace-building process. In this respect, the conservation project was awarded by Europa Nostra in 2004 in the conservation category (Akbil and Psaltis, 2016).
4.10. Armenian Church and Monastery in Nicosia (Conservation), 2015
The Armenian Church and Monastery has a strategic location within the walled city of Nicosia, in Arabahmet neighborhood. The complex project started as an idea in 2007 as part of a greater peace-building effort in Cyprus (Armenian, Greek and Turkish Cypriots). The project includes a church, mansion, nursery, educational units and offices that were conserved between 2009 and 2014 (Vitti, 2014). The monastery was used by the Armenian community that was living in Cyprus and was abandoned until 2014. Today, it is used as a culture and educational centre (Atun, 2017).
←33 | 34→The conservation project was awarded the Europa Nostra Award in the Conservation category in 2014. The significance of the project is the successful preservation techniques, and also contributing to the process of rebuilding a community.
Figure 8.Armenian Monastery in Walled City of Nicosia
Exterior view (Photo: Authors, 2019)
Indoor view (Photo: Authors, 2019)
4.11. Rita and Costas Severis Foundation (Education, Training and Awareness rising), 2017
Rita and Costas Severis foundation has been helping to promote Cypriot cultural heritage for over 25 years. The collection of the foundation is today exhibited in a renovated flour mill in the walled city of Nicosia. It has a museum that houses paintings, costumes, textile and artefacts of Cyprus (URL 12).
The goal of the foundation is to bring the two communities of Cyprus together and also increase the awareness of the common heritage and history. The foundation also ensures a forum for research and discussion in reconciliation of the island.
The foundation was awarded the Europa Nostra Award in the Education, Training and Awareness rising category in 2017 (URL 12).
4.12. Technical Committee on Cultural Heritage (Dedicated service), 2021
The Technical Committee on Cultural Heritage (TCCH) includes leaders from Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots and was established in 2008 (URL 12). The ←34 | 35→main aim of the TCCH is to support both communities to preserve the cultural heritage of the island as the important symbols for both communities and also for humanity (URL 5).
Over a period of 12 years, the TCCH has successfully restored and conserved more than 70 monuments in both parts of the island. The representatives from both communities have worked to preserve the cultural heritage as a powerful tool for reconciliation. The committee’s works in setting intercultural dialogue and promoting mutual understanding found successful and co-chairs Mr. Takis Hadjidemetriou and Mr. Ali Tuncay were awarded by Europa Nostra in 2015 (URL 12).
5. Integrative Reflections of the Europa Nostra Awards on the Divided Island Cyprus
Europa Nostra strives for the establishment of qualitative standards in sustainable development and rural-urban planning. It works to defend cities, villages, historical, architectural and archaeological sites together. It tries to explain that cultural heritage is a keystone for the European society and economy and the indispensable value of cultural heritage for identity and quality of life. Europa Nostra is the channel of relations to the European Union, the Council of Europe and UNESCO on the preservation of Cultural Heritage.
As mentioned in the previous chapter, totally 12 projects have been rewarded in different categories from Southern and Northern parts of the island; 7 awards are from conservation category, 2 dedicated service, 2 research and 1 education, training and awareness raising category as explained in Table 1. However, all categories are related to conservation of cultural heritage with different methods.
In the conservation projects that have been awarded, promoting the works of bicommunal teams was the main aim. Cultural heritage in Cyprus is the common heritage of both communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. In this respect, conservation of the cultural heritage should be the common effort of both communities. The aim of these cultural heritage conservation projects is to ensure the coexistence and peaceful living of two communities that have lived together with similar cultures in the same geography for centuries.
In this sense, every initiative taken and every award received for this purpose is a success aimed at preserving and keeping the common cultural heritage alive. Also, such collaborations and initiatives are strong steps taken by the two communities towards “peace”. Such initiatives and formations will enable Turkish and Greek Cypriots living on the island, as well as other minorities (such as Armenians and Maronites), to participate in the peace environment.
Table 1. Europa Nostra Awards in Cyprus
Name |
Date |
Locatıon |
Category |
Type of award |
Sıgnıfıcance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
The restoration of Famagusta Gate |
1983 |
Nicosia – South |
Conservation |
Medal |
Successful conservation of an important gate in the Walled City of Nicosia. |
2 |
The re-adaptation of the old power house as the Nicosia Municipal Arts Centre |
1994 |
Nicosia – South |
Conservation |
Award |
One of the earliest conservation and adaptive reuse project of an industrial heritage building in Cyprus. |
3 |
Panagia Tou Sinti Monastery |
1997 |
Paphos – South |
Conservation |
Award |
It is considered as one of the most important structures ever built during the Venetian period in Cyprus. |
4 |
Lions home |
2001 |
Nicosia – South |
Details
- Pages
- 986
- Publication Year
- 2022
- ISBN (PDF)
- 9783631890332
- ISBN (ePUB)
- 9783631890349
- ISBN (Softcover)
- 9783631876428
- DOI
- 10.3726/b20204
- Language
- English
- Publication date
- 2023 (January)
- Keywords
- ecology environment-sustainability landscape design urban design urban planning
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- Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien, 2022. 986 pp., 326 fig. b/w, 103 tables.
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