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Challenges of State-Building in Iraq

The Case of the Iraqi Army in Post-Saddam Era

by Ecaterina-Elena C. Matoi (Author)
©2020 Thesis 342 Pages

Summary

The book aims to answer the central question: "What went wrong, more precisely, in the decision chain during the reconstruction of Iraq’s military institution?" The holistic character of the approach is ensured through a series of background analyses.
Although most researches concluded already that Iraq’s reconstruction was a failure, answering the question implied the design of an appropriate research method and data collection/analysis, in order to frame particular characteristics of the reconstruction process. Despite the complexity of the topic and theoretical Security Sector Reform principles, which can hardly be applied to Iraq’s case, the thesis emphasizes on actors involved, their actions and connections between events, as part of a unique process.

Table Of Contents

  • Cover
  • Title
  • Copyright
  • About the author
  • About the book
  • This eBook can be cited
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgements
  • Contents
  • Acronyms and abbreviations
  • Tables and figures
  • 1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Objectives and structure of research
  • 1.3 Theoretical framework and research methodology
  • 1.4 Relevance and impact
  • 2 Methodology and research design
  • 2.2 Adapting grounded theory to the research on Iraqi army’s reconstruction
  • 2.3 Official documents’ selection and assessment
  • 2.4 Official documents: in vivo coding and initial memo writing
  • 2.5 Coding paradigm and focused coding
  • 3 State-building and post-conflict reconstruction process – state of the art
  • 3.2 Security Sector Reform: a critical part of state-building process
  • 3.3 Transposing SSR paradigm in Iraq
  • 3.4 Review of literature on state-building in Iraq
  • 4 State-building and post-conflict reconstruction process – state of the art
  • 4.2 The rise of military in politics: 1936–1941
  • 4.3 Republican Iraq and the military regimes (1958–1968)
  • 4.4 Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti
  • 5 Military trends in the Middle East region
  • 5.2 The military establishment and the Middle Eastern political context
  • 5.3 The contemporary Middle Eastern military situation: quantitative trends
  • 6 State-building in post-war Germany
  • 6.2 Actors involved in Germany’s state-building
  • A Administration
  • B Economy
  • C Relief
  • D Military
  • 6.3 Reconstruction in political field (Democratisation in Germany)
  • 6.4 Law enforcement
  • 6.5 Economic reconstruction
  • 6.6 Transitional justice
  • 6.7 Denazification and re-education policies: democratisation tools in West Germany?
  • 7 Regime change and post-Saddam political process
  • 7.2 The military campaign, stability and reconstruction strategies
  • 7.3 Foreign institutional actors involved in Iraq’s management
  • A US and UK institutions
  • B United Nations
  • 7.4 Coalition Provisional Authority: an American instrument for governing post-conflict Iraq
  • 7.5 Iraqi Government Council and Iraqi Interim Government
  • 8 Reconstruction of Iraqi army: the failure of an exogenous strategy
  • 8.2 The central role of foreign contractors and other external entities
  • 8.3 American army’s retreat from Iraq. A general perspective on Iraqi military’s reconstruction process
  • 9 Conclusions
  • Bibliography
  • Annex 1. In vivo coding samples and memos
  • Annex 2. Focused coding samples
  • Annex 3. Excerpts from interviews (selections)

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Acronyms and abbreviations

1. ACC/ACA - Allied Control Council/Allied Control Authority, the Four/ Alliierter Kontrollrat, Vier Mächte

2. AFRICOM - (US) Africa Command

3. AMZONE/AMAZONE - American Zone

4. ANTIFAS - Antifa Kampfkomitees (Antifascist Committees)

5. ARI - (US) Army Research Institute

6. ARSOF - Army Special Operations Forces, or SOF

7. AVR - Armed Violence Reduction

8. AWOL - Absent Without Leave

9. BCSV - Badische Christliche-Soziale Volkspartei, Party in Germany

10. Bizone, Bizonia - the US and British alliance before West Germany’s reunification under FRG

11. BMM - British Military Mission (in Iraq)

12. BOG - Boots On Ground

13. CAATT - Coalition Army Advisory and Training Team

14. CAFTT - Coalition Air Force Transition Team

15. CASI - Campaign Against Sanctions in Iraq

16. CCG - Control Commission for Germany, British Element

17. CDU - Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian Democratic Union from Germany)

18. CDP - Christlich-Demokratische Partei (Christian Democratic Party Germany)

19. CENTCOM - US Central Command

20. CERP - Commander’s Emergency Response Program

21. CFLCC - Coalition Forces Land Component Command

22. CGAAA - Commissariat General aux Affaires Allemandes et Autrichiennes (Commissariat for German and Austrian Affairs)

23. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency (US)

24. CIAAA - Comittee Interministeriel des Affaires Allemandes et Autrichiennes (inter-ministerial Committee for German and Austrian Affairs

25. CCS - Combined Chiefs of Staff

26. CJTF-7 - Combined Joint Task Force 7

27. CJTF-Iraq - Combined Joint Task Force—Iraq

28. CJTF-7 JHQ-ST - Joint Headquarters - Support Team

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29. CMATT - Coalition Military Assistance Training Team

30. CONPLAN - Concept Plan

31. CONUS - Continental US (US military on US territory)

32. CPA - Coalition Provisional Authority

33. CPA-IG - CPA Inspector General

34. CPATT - Civilian Police Advisory Training Team

35. CRS - Congressional Research Service (US Congress)

36. CSIS - Center for Strategic & International Studies

37. CSS - Combined Chiefs of Staff

38. CSU - Christlich-Soziale Union (Christian-Social Union in Germany)

39. CTS - Counter-Terrorism Service (Iraq)

40. DAC - Development Assistance Committee

41. DANA - Deutsche Allgemeine Nachrichten Agentur (German General Information Agency)

42. DCG, A&T – Deputy Commander General, Advising and Training US

43. DDR - Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration

44. DEA - (US) Drug Enforcement Administration

45. DEF - Disarmed Enemy Forces

46. DFI - Development Fund for Iraq

47. DM - Deutsche Mark (German Mark)

48. DOD - US Department of Defense

49. DOS - US Department of State

50. EAC - European Advisory Commission/Council

51. ECA - Economic Cooperation Administration

52. EIPG - Energy Infrastructure Planing Group

53. EPC - European Production Center, US Information Service

54. ERP - European Recovery Program, or the Marshall Plan

55. ERSC/ESC/EPC - European (Regional) Service Center (aka European Production Center) of the US Information Service

56. ESF - Economic Support Fund

57. ETOUSA - European Theater of Operations, US

58. EUCOM - (US military) European Command

59. FDP - Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic Party)

60. FMS - (US) Foreign Military Sales

61. FOIA - Freedom of Information Act

62. FinCEN - Financial Crimes Enforcement Network

63. FRG - Federal Republic of Germany

64. FM- Field Manual

65. FY - Financial Year

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66. GAO - General Accounting Office (renamed the Government Accountability Office in July 2004)

67. GARIOA - Government Appropriations for Relief in Occupied Areas

68. GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

69. GCC - Gulf Cooperation Council

70. GCCs - Geographic Combatant Commanders

71. GDP - Gross Domestic Product

72. GDR - German Democratic Republic

73. GE - General Electric, US company

74. GMZFO - Gouvernement Militaire de la Zone Française d’Occupation

75. GOI - Government of Iraq

76. HCRFS - Haut Commisariat de la Republique Francaise en Sarre

77. HICOG - (US) High Commissioner for Germany

78. HQ EUCOM - Headquarters European Command

79. IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency

80. IAMB - International Advisory and Monitoring Board

81. IBC - Iraqi Body Count

82. ICDC - Iraqi Civil Defence Corps

83. ICTF - Iraqi Counter-Terrorism Force

84. IDPS - Internally Displaced Persons

85. IGC - Iraqi Governing Council

86. IIG - Iraqi Interim Government

87. IMF - International Monetary Fund

88. IMIK - Islamic Movement of Iraqi Kurdistan

89. INA - Iraqi National Accord

90. INC - Iraqi National Council

91. INCTF - Iraqi National Counter-Terrorism Force

92. INIS - Iraqi National Intelligence Service

93. IRMO - Iraqi Reconstruction Management Office

94. IRO - International Refugee Organisation

95. IRRF - Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund

96. IS - Islamic State

97. ISAM - US Iraq Security and Advisory Mission

98. ISF - Iraqi Security Forces

99. ISPO - Iraq Strategic Partnership Office

100. ITAM - US Iraq Training and Advisory Mission

101. ITAO - Iraqi Transition Assistance Office

102. ITT - Intelligence Transition Team

103. IW - Irregular Warfare

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104. IST - Iraqi Special Tribunal

105. JCS-US- Joint Chiefs of Staff

106. JEIA - Joint Export-Import Agency

107. JHQ-TT - Joint Headquarters-Transition Team

108. JP - Joint (Operations) Plan

109. KBR - Kellogg, Brown and Root

110. KDP - Kurdistan Democratic Party

111. KfW - Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (Credit Institution for Reconstruction)

112. KPD - Komunistische Partei Deutschlands (German Communist Party)

113. KSA - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

114. LDP - Liberal-Demokratische Partei (Liberal-Democrat Party)

115. LOGCAP - Logistics Civil Augmentation Program

116. MaSTT - Maritime Strategic Transition Team

117. MCM - Movement for Constitutional Monarchy

118. ME - Middle East

119. MENA - Middle East and North Africa

120. MNF - Multi-National Force

121. MNF-I - Multinational Force (in) Iraq

122. MNSTC-I - Multi-National Security Transition Command-Iraq

123. MOD - Ministry of Defence

124. MOD-TT - Ministry of Defence-Transition Team

125. MOI - Ministry of Interior

126. MOI-TT - Ministry of Interior-Transition Team

127. MG - Military Government

128. MSA - Mutual Security Agency

129. NATO - the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

130. NGCC - North German Coal Control

131. NGISC - North German Iron and Steel Control

132. NGO - Non-governmental Organisation

133. NIA -New Iraqi Army

134. NRC - National Research Council

135. NSPD - National Security Presidential Directive (US)

136. NORTHCOM - Northern Command

137. NTM-I - NATO Training Mission Iraq

138. OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

139. OHCHR - Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

140. OIF - Operation Iraqi Freedom

141. OMA - Operation and Maintenance, Army (US)

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142. OMGUS - Office of Military Government, US Zone

143. OPLAN - Operations Plan

144. OPEC - Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

145. ORHA - Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance

146. OSC-I TT - Office of Security Cooperation-Iraq Transition Team

147. OSS - Office of Strategic Services (US)

148. PACOM - Pacific Command (US)

149. PMCs - Private Military Contractors

150. POWs - Prisoners of War

151. PRTs - Provincial Reconstruction Teams

152. PSCs - Private Security Contractors

153. PSG-I - Partnership Strategy Group-Iraq

154. PSYOPS - Psychological Operations

155. PSCs - Private Security Contractors

156. PUK - Patriotic Union of Kurdistan

157. RAF - Royal Air Force (UK)

158. RCC - Revolutionary Command Council

159. RIO - Restore Iraqi Oil

160. RM - Reichsmarken

161. RCLO - Regime Crimes Liaison Office

162. SALW - Small Arms And Light Weapons

163. SAO - Security Assistance Office)

164. SCIRI - Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq

165. SDAP - Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers’ Party)

166. SEAAA - Sécrétariat d’État aux Affaires Allemandes et Autrichiennes (State Secretariat for German and Austrian Affairs)

167. SED - Social Unity Party (Germany)

168. SHAEF - Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Forces

169. SIGIR - Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction

170. SIPRI - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

171. SOF - Special Operations Forces

172. SOF UW - Special Operations Forces Unconventional Warfare

173. SORO - Special Operations Research Office

174. SOUTHCOM - South Command (US military)

175. SSR - Security Sector Reform

176. SPD - Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party)

177. SRO - Stability and Reconstruction Operations

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178. SSR - Security Sector Reform

179. SVHP - Sozialer Volksbund Hessen-Pfalz

180. TAL - Transitional Administrative Law

181. TFI - Treasury’s Office of International Affairs and Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence

182. TFIV - Task Force IV

183. UAR - United Arab Republic

184. UK - United Kingdom

185. UN - United Nations (Organisation)

186. UNAMI - United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq

187. UNCT - United Nations Country Team

188. UNDP - United Nations Development Program

189. UNICEF - UN Children’s Fund

190. UNMOVIC - United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission

191. UNODC - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

192. UNSC - United Nations Security Council

Details

Pages
342
Publication Year
2020
ISBN (PDF)
9783034341189
ISBN (ePUB)
9783034341196
ISBN (MOBI)
9783034341202
ISBN (Softcover)
9783034340519
DOI
10.3726/b17136
Language
English
Publication date
2021 (January)
Keywords
Sicherheitssektorreform Geschichte des Irak Koalition der willigen Übergangsverwaltung der Koalition im Irak Gegenstandsbezogene Theoriebildung
Published
Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien, 2020. 342 pp., 18 fig. col., 6 fig. b/w, 11 tables.

Biographical notes

Ecaterina-Elena C. Matoi (Author)

Ecaterina-Elena Maţoi is a lecturer at Strategic, Public and Intercultural Communication Department, Security and Defence Faculty, "Carol I" National Defense University, Bucharest Romania. She holds a PhD in Intelligence and National Security ("Carol I" National Defense University), a Dr. phil. des. title in Near and Middle Eastern Studies (Humanities Faculty, Basel University, Switzerland), and an M.A. in Political Sciences, Security and Diplomacy specialization (National School of Political Studies and Public Administration – NSPSPA – Bucharest, Romania). Her areas of expertise and interest are: National Security, Middle Eastern Studies, SSR in post-Saddam Iraq, Propaganda, Cultures and Civilizations; the Military in 20th-century Middle East Politics and Geopolitics of the Persian Gulf region. Ms. Maţoi is also a devoted researcher and a volunteer trainer on different issues related to her fields of expertise.

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Title: Challenges of State-Building in Iraq